Chapter 44 Preview: Regulating the Internal Environment

Animals are able to survive large fluctuation in thier external environment by maintaining a relatively constant internal environment. This regulatory ability is called homeostasis. Animals are able to maintain a favorable range in their internal temperature (thermoregulation), regulate solute and water balance (oamoregulation), and dispose of nitrogenous wastes (excretion).

Vocab:

nephron

endotherm

glomerulus

vasoconstriction

Bowman's capsule

counter current exchange

loop of Henle

heat shock proteins

collecting duct

uric acid

renal artery

antidiuretic hormone

renal vein

aldosterone

renal cortex

vasodilation

thermoregulation

ectotherm

conformers

osmoregulation

Roots:

vasa-a vessel juxta- near to glomer- a ball

eury- broad wide -dilat-expanded osmo- pushing

peri- around podo- foot reni- a kidney

steno- narrow

Chapter 40,41,42,43,45 Systems Review

Endocrine System

Circulatory System

Respiratory System

Immune System

Digestive System

Review Questions:

1.) The interstitial fluid of vertebrates.. (ch 40)

a: is the internal environment within cells

b:bathes cells and provides for the exchange of nutrients and waste

c:makes up the plasma of blood

d: surrounds unicellular and flat, thin animals

e: is less abundant in ectotherms than in endotherms

2.) Which is the best description of smooth muscle?(ch 40)

a: striated, branching cells; involuntary control

b: spindle-shaped cells; involuntary control

c: spindle-shaped cells connected by intercalated disks

d: striated cells containing overlapping filaments; involuntary control

e:spindle-shaped striated cells; voluntary control

3.) The acid pH of the stomach(ch41)

a: hydrolyzes proteins

b: is regulated by the release of gastrin

c: is neutralized by gastric juice

d: is produced by pepsin

e: triggers the release of enterogastrones

4.) Why does salivary amylase not hydrolyze starch in the duodenum?(ch41)

a: Starch is completely hydrolyzed into maltose in the oral cavity

b: Salivary amylase is produced by salivary glands and never leaves the oral cavity

c: The acid pH of the stomach denatures salivary amylase and pepsin begins hydrolyzing it

d: Pancreatic amylase is a more effective enzyme in the pH of the duodenum

e: Salivary amylase can hydrolyze glycogen but not starch

5.)Where is blood pressure the greatest?(ch42)

a: vena cava

b: pulmonary vein

c: right atrium

d: aorta

e: pulmonary capillaries

6.) In which location would velocity of blood flow be the slowest?(ch 42)

a: vena cava

b: pulmonary vein

c: right atrium

d: aorta

e: pulmonary capillaries

7.) Which of the following is incorectly paired with its effect?(ch43)

a: gastric juice- kills bacteria in the stomach

b:fever- stimulates phagocytosis and inhibits microbial growth

c: histamine- causes blood vessels to dilate

d: vaccination-creates passive immunity

e: lysozyme- attacks cell walls of bacteria

8.) How does the immune system recognize malignant tumor cells?(ch43)

a: They do not display class I MHC molecules

b: They display fragments of tumor antigen in their MHC molecules

c: They display cancerous viral fragments in their class II MHC molecules

d: They have abnormal amounts of polysaccharides

9)Which of the following hormones is not involved with increasing the blood glucose concentration?(ch45)

a: glucagon

b:epinephrine

c:glucocorticoids

d: ACTH

e:insulin

True or False?(ch45)

Calcitonin is a hormone that raises calcium levels in the blood

1) b2) b3)b4)c5)d6)e7)d8)b9)e10)false!